Interchange is a term used in the payment card industry to describe a fee paid between banks for the acceptance of card based transactions. Usually it is a fee that a merchant’s bank (the “acquiring bank”) pays a customer’s bank (the “issuing bank”).
In a credit card or debit card transaction, the card-issuing bank in a payment transaction deducts the interchange fee from the amount it pays the acquiring bank that handles a credit or debit card transaction for a merchant. The acquiring bank then pays the merchant the amount of the transaction minus both the interchange fee and an additional, usually smaller fee for the acquiring bank or ISO, which is often referred to as a discount rate, an add-on rate, or passthru.
For cash withdrawal transactions at ATMs, however, the fees are paid by the card-issuing bank to the acquiring bank (for the maintenance of the machine).
These fees are set by the credit card networks, and are the largest component of the various fees that most merchants pay for the privilege of accepting credit cards. Visa, Mastercard, and Discover are each known as card associations. And each card association has their own rate sheets known as Interchange Reimbursement Fees. These fees make up the majority of what you pay to your processor and they vary greatly depending on the card type accepted.
Interchange Plus pricing means that the acquirer charges you a variable MSC consisting of the cost price plus a fixed markup. Interchange Plus Pricing is exclusively how we quote at Host Merchant Services. Interchange Plus, also known as Cost Plus, pricing gives the customer a fixed rate over published Interchange Fees. This pricing format is normally quoted as a discount rate (percentage fee) along with a per item or authorization fee. The great thing about Interchange Plus pricing is that you always know exactly what you are paying to your processor to services your account. Think of Interchange, and all the associated fees, as an unavoidable cost. No matter who you process with, you have to pay these fees. They may be labeled differently, or wrapped up in a confusing pricing tier, but one way or the other, you are paying Interchange fees. By understanding the markup you pay over Interchange, you know exactly what you pay to your processor and exactly what is going to the card associations. That allows you to make a decision on whether or not the markup seems reasonable for the service you get and choose your processing partner accordingly.
Here’s a small graphic explaining the basics of how Interchange Plus works:
The Official Merchant Services Blog takes a look at Visa’s wild ride between May 2 and May 3. In the midst of a very active first quarter of 2012, Visa’s earnings report came in. The San Francisco based credit card giant then took a ride on a roller coaster in the span of two days after the report was released.
The Up Vote
The company had good news to report on May 2: Visa said Wednesday that its profit for the first three months of the year was up 30 percent from the year before, primarily because credit card use rose in the United States and overseas. Bloomberg broke down some key statistics from the report in their story here: “The company said Americans rang up 12 percent more on their charge cards for the quarter. Debit card use grew by only 4 percent to $284 million, however, the slowest growth in a year.”
So the boost in Visa profits is tied to an increase in the use of credit cards in the first three months of the year. But it appears the Durbin Amendment, financial reform legislation designed to address problems with swipe debit fees, has slowed down debit card use. As the Bloomberg article reports, the Durbin Amendment appears to be having an impact on profits: “Banks have eliminated some debit card rewards programs since October, when the government limited the fees banks can charge stores for card transactions.”
The profit breakdown for the quarter paints a very rosy picture. Visa’s net income was $1.3 billion, or $1.60 per share. Wall Street was expecting $1.51. Revenue rose 15 percent to $2.6 billion. Wall Street was expecting $2.48 billion.
The Down Turn
And then the roller coaster ride took a dip. Bloomberg reported the next day, May 3, that Visa stock took a decline based on the details of a U.S. Antitrust Probe into Visa’s Debit Strategy. The article states: “Visa Inc., the payments network that has lost market share amid new debit-card rules, slid as much as 4.5 percent in extended trading after disclosing a U.S. antitrust probe into the firm’s pricing and strategy.”
Visa adjusted the network’s fee structure to defend its leading market share after the Durbin Amendment took effect in October. On March 13, the U.S. Justice Department’s antitrust division issued a civil investigative demand asking for information about Visa’s debit strategy. Bloomberg quotes Visa Chief Executive Officer Joseph W. Saunders as saying in a conference call: “We are confident our actions are appropriate and that our response to the DOJ supports that.”
According to Saunders Visa has received four other requests for information from the Justice Department since 2007, and all have been resolved with Visa’s full cooperation.
The Durbin Factor
The Visa news comes after recent announcement from MasterCard, which stated that their own first-quarter profit increased 21 percent to $682 million. Like Visa, MasterCard’s profits also beat Wall Street estimates.
Speculation suggests that the hard cap on Debit Card Swipe fees imposed by the Durbin Amendment from October 2011 may have helped MasterCard take some market share away from Visa. MasterCard has been winning deals to handle processing of debit transactions according to the company’s Chief Financial Officer Martina Hund-Mejean.
Bloomberg quotes Hund Mejean as saying in a conference call to analysts: “In every quarter we’re going after business very surgically and opportunistically. You can see those results in our numbers.”
And according to Tien-tsin Huang, a JP Morgan Chase & Co. analyst in a May 1 research note, Bank of America Corp. — the biggest debit-card issuer and catalyst of post-Durbin media frenzy — switched to MasterCard.
Visa’s Fees Bite Back
Visa changed its debit-card fees in April, creating new fees like the Fixed Acquirer Network Fee (FANF) in an attempt to create incentives for merchants to route more transactions on the company’s network. The fees, which had been variable were broken into various components. To read more about those fees, you can CLICK HERE to see Host Merchant Services‘ own coverage of the April fees. The Bloomberg article suggests that Bank of America switched to MasterCard in reaction to the new Visa fees and MasterCard’s own surgical strike against Visa’s market share.
We’ve been working hard the past 7 months at The Official Merchant Services Blog to offer our readers a knowledge base — a place to come frequently to get clear and useful information about the payment processing industry. But we’re always looking to take things a step further. We want to offer more information and be even more helpful. I was recently inspired by this article over at UniBul’s Credit Card Blog which offers a definition of 21 confusing payment processing terms. Credit Card Processing has a lot of buzzwords that get used. This type of technical or industry language can sometimes make understanding statements very difficult for merchants.
Well we want to make these terms clear and remove the confusion. This is part of the ongoing service Host Merchant Services promises: the company delivers personal service and clarity. So we’re going to take some time to explain how everything works. This is going to be an ongoing series where we define industry related terms and slowly build up a knowledge base. We’ll start with the same term that kicked off the UniBul blog. But our coverage is going to go a bit deeper than just a definition. We’ll provide a little extra context. And as we get more and more of these completed, we’ll collect them in our resource archive for quick and easy access.
Acquirer
An acquiring bank (or acquirer) is the bank or financial institution that processes credit and or debit card payments for products or services for a merchant. The term acquirer indicates that the financial institution accepts or acquires credit card transactions from the card-issuing banks within an association. The best known (credit) card Associations are Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, Diners Club, JCB and China UnionPay.
An acquirer is contacted to authorize a credit card or debit purchase. The acquirer will either approve or decline the debit or credit card purchase amount. If approved the acquirer will then settle the transaction by placing the funds into the seller’s account.
Every time you use your credit or debit card you are using the services of an acquirer. An Acquirer will charge a monthly and/or a per transaction fee to the stores or merchants to facilitate transactions. Acquirers need to be licensed with credit card companies, such as Visa or MasterCard.
To get a better understanding of how payment processing works, you can view this infographic.
The Official Merchant Services Blog has just learned that Visa and MasterCard are planning to add new processing fees in the coming months — fees specifically targeted toward Debit Card Swipe transactions. These new fees, which we are consolidating and dubbing as “Card Association Fees” are going to complicate the pricing process for Merchant Services Providers in 2012.
Tricky Fees
Visa, MasterCard and Discover are the main players in the “card associations” and they are the driving force behind interchange and interchange rates. These associations periodically review and modify their interchange rate structures and billing strategies. What this means is that normally each year the big credit card companies get together and increase interchange rates. But after the Durbin Amendment went into effect in 2011, the credit card associations are taking pause and tweaking their own strategy. So effective April 2012 there are new Card Association Fees being implemented and these fees are not interchange fees. These are brand new processing fees created by the associations.
Visa’s New Fees
Visa has announced that beginning April 1, 2012, it will be introducing a trio of new fees:
A Transaction Integrity Fee
Revisions to its Network Acquirer Processing Fee
A Fixed Acquirer Network Fee (FANF)
Transaction Integrity Fee: Visa’s Transaction Integrity Fee is a new $0.10 fee that will apply to U.S. domestic regulated and non-regulated purchase transactions made with a Visa Debit card or Visa Prepaid card that fail or do not request Custom Payment Service (CPS) qualification. The CPS rates are Visa’s best rates and apply to both regulated and non-regulated transactions. This new fee can be viewed as a definite response from Visa to the Durbin Amendment’s interchange rate cap and finance reform/regulatory changes. This is part of the ninja-style set of moves The Official Merchant Services Bloghas cited would be the reaction to the Durbin Amendment.
Network Acquirer Processing Fee: The Network Acquirer Processing Fee on Visa-branded signature debit will be reduced — going from $0.0195 per authorization to $0.0155 per authorization. The fee for credit card authorization will remain $0.0195 per authorization.
Fixed Acquirer Network Fee: FANF will apply to the acceptance of all Visa-branded products and is based on both the size and the number of merchant locations. The FANF fee will be based on volume reported in July 2012. Visa will require U.S. acquirers to provide new merchant location reporting for the tracking of this fee. The new reporting requirements will include a monthly breakdown of acquired merchants, number of merchant locations, and merchant sales volume by merchant Taxpayer ID. For Card Present merchants, with the exception of Fast Food Restaurants, a merchant Taxpayer ID with physical locations will be assessed FANF on a per-location rate basis. For example, Card Present Merchants with one to three locations will see a pass through per location per month fee of $2. Price per location per month will increase according to the number of locations – upwards of $65 month for merchants exceeding 4000 locations. Card Present High Volume MCC Merchants with one to three locations will see a pass through per location per month fee of $2.90. Price per location per month will increase according to location — upwards of $85 month for merchants exceeding 4000 locations. Customer Not Present, merchant aggregators and merchants primarily operating as Fast Food Restaurants (MCC 5814) will be assessed based on gross merchant sales volume originating from any Visa-branded card. Merchants that fall into this category with monthly gross sales volume ranging from less than $50 a month on the low end will see a $2 a month fee- to merchants with gross sales exceeding $400 million at a $40,000 a month fee. There are some 18 tiers, with a merchant falling into a volume tier of $8,000 to $39,999 a month seeing a new $15 per month FANF fee.
Visa will also effectively waive the FANF for eligible Charitable and Social Service Organizations (MCC 8398). The FANF waiver for Charitable and Social Service Organizations will be provided through a quarterly rebate process that Visa has indicated will be defined at a later date.
We’ve been covering Mobile Payments here at The Official Merchant Services Blog since the very beginning. In fact, the Article Archive at Host Merchant Services has extensive coverage of the topic as well. It’s just too sexy a topic — everybody loves the allure of gadgets — and too fascinating a financial prediction — folks in the know are predicting Mobile Payments to boom in the billions between now and 2015-ish — to not continually cover Mobile Payments.
But I keep picturing a scene from the 1992 women’s sports movie A League of Their Own in my head every single time I look at the state of Mobile Payments in the U.S. The scene that resonates with me is the one where Marla Hooch— fearsome and uniquely striking power hitter for the team — is about to step into the batter’s box. But she’s getting confused. She steps into the box. Then back out of the box. The reason for her confusion? She’s getting contradictory signals from her Manager and her teammate. One wants her to swing away and unleash the fearsome potential of her staggering offense. The other wants her to play it safe and move the runner over for a better chance to score an efficient run. So there she goes, Marla Hooch, the powerhouse of the league. One foot in the box. Then out of the box. It’s the exact problem Mobile Payments currently faces. The power and potential of what it can do for commerce keeps getting highlighted in story after story, research after research. And then the biggest obstacle it faces keeps getting thrust in front of its face: Security.
Step Out of the Box
Google Wallet, one of the biggest lynchpins in the mobile payment industry’s bid to effectively take hold in the U.S. market was recently plagued by a security problem. This article from ExtremeTech notes the issues that happened to Google and its mobile payment system in a piece that discusses the pitfalls of its beta testing. A pair of bugs forced Google to shut down its pre-paid cards and Google Wallet took a huge hit on the nose in the press. This reinforced the public’s view that mobile payments are a bit scary because people think that their personal information — account numbers, social security information, credit card numbers — will get swiped from them out of thin air. The thought process being that if all they have to do to pay for an item is wave their phone in the air at a cash register, some sneaky net ninja can pluck the data right out of the very same air.
The article sums up the problem: “In the last week, there have been not one, but two exploits that could give a malicious individual access to your Google Wallet mobile payment app on Android. While the first is a root-only hack that Google couldn’t really be expected to plan for, the second affects all Android users and is simple to do.”
It goes on to suggest these bugs popped up due to a core problem with how google beta tests things.
Since that story broke, Google has gone on the offensive, and is now stating that the bugs are fixed. As this cnet article says: “Google has patched a hole in Google Wallet that could’ve allowed someone to access a user’s funds simply by resetting the PIN and using a prepaid card. The company said yesterday it has issued a fix that now prevents a prepaid card from being re-provisioned to another person. It has also restored the ability to issue new prepaid cards following a move on Monday to disable the use of such cards.”
These bugs were a major setback for more than just Google. The Mobile Payments landscape is bubbling with interest but it’s also saturated with variety. There are multiple avenues businesses are considering for their entry point into what research firms like Gartner predict will be big money very very soon. One of those avenues is Near Field Communication (NFC). The underlying technology of NFC is described as: “Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into close proximity, usually no more than a few centimetres. Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible between an NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a “tag”.”
This is the technology that Google tagged to be their entry into Mobile Payments. And so these bugs are a major hit for Google and NFC as a whole, taking one of the most hyped aspects of Mobile Payments down a peg in the industry.
Step Into the Box
In the midst of NFC taking it on the chin, Visa and MasterCard unleashed its EMV initiative — as The Official Merchant Services Blog reported on February 7. This is, in my mind, the Mobile Payments Marla Hooch being told to step into the batter’s box and knock it out of the park. Visa is invested heavily into Mobile Payments, and is prepared to drag the industry kicking and screaming into the future of profits that are being predicted for Mobile Payments. The EMV initiative hinges on chip technology being attached to cards, and for Mobile Payment evolution also being attached to smart phones. What Visa’s investment in this avenue brings is added security. This is huge. The security advantage addresses the biggest fear people have for mobile payments. Visa, much like Tom Hanks, wants Marla Hooch to get in there and swing away.
Going Sci-Fi
This article from Asia One adds another wrinkle into payment processing, and possibly the future of mobile payments: Biometrics. The article cites The Monetary Association of Singapore (MAS) as researching ways to make Debit card transactions more secure. And one of the avenues of research has been biometrics. This could really lead to a breakthrough in the march towards a cashless society, including the use of smartphones for mobile payments. Having biometric security measures on your phone would work in tandem with the chip technology that Visa is pushing, making both the unit you use to store the information — your phone — attuned to your own physiology; and the transmission of your transactions — the swipe of said phone in the air — attuned to a secure chip. Identity thieves and card fraud masters would be stymied on multiple ends and have to work very hard to stay ahead of that security curve in their mission to steal your information and then your money.
The Bottom Line
So What’s Marla Hooch going to do? It looks like Google is sticking with its plan and dedication to NFC. They sort of have to due to how invested they are into the technology already. And it’s no secret that Visa is very much tied into the future of mobile payments, chip card technology, and payment processing security. Both entities are full steam ahead. And with that much tech and finance industry strength behind the initiatives, Mobile Payments will get its chance to swing for the fences. We look for the Google Bugs to blow over and not really hinder Mobile Payments growth much at all in 2012.
Today The Official Merchant Services Blog is going to step off its SOPA soap box and return to a much more focused and specific topic — Partial Payment Authorization.
In November, 2011 Partial Payment Authorization was mandated by MasterCard and Discover. This mandate requires merchants to support partial payments on their terminals. Host Merchant Services reported on this mandate and you can read about it here in our Article Archive.
Pay Attention To The Purchase
We’re bringing this back up because there has been some confusion lately among merchants about this particular issue and this mandate. What keeps happening is that merchants are not noticing when the partial payment pops up on their terminal. This is a problem because of the way these payments function. If you do not notice that it is a partial payment and do not obtain the rest of the payment from the customer, they can walk out of your store with their purchase and you lose money.
So you need to really pay attention to the purchase. It will show up on your terminal screen. It will also show up on the receipt. Here is an example of what a receipt will look like:
In cases where only a partial authorization is returned, the merchant will need to collect another form of payment for the difference. In the instance where the cardholder does not have another form or payment to pay the difference or wants to use a different form of payment for the full amount, a real time partial authorization reversal must be performed in order to free up the funds that were previously held up by the authorization.
Host Merchant Services offers step-by-step guides on how to perform these real time partial authorization reversals.
The other area of confusion that seems to be cropping up with Partial Authorization is which businesses are affected by this mandate. Not all businesses are currently required to use Partial Authorization. However, there is a long list of businesses that are, and this list includes the most popular merchant codes. Here is the list:
To Recap
So just to review, Partial Payment Authorization is mandated by MasterCard and Discover. The listed businesses above are absolutely required to utilize it. It is easy to lose track of when these occur if you do not pay attention to the receipt or to your terminal when running the transaction through. The most common mistake is someone processing the transaction is in a rush and the receipt looks very similar to a normal, approved, full transaction when run through. Terminals do not have a sound or warning that this type of partial payment happened. So time and attention to detail are required for these payments moving forward. When a partial authorization happens you need to have your customer offer an alternate payment for the remainder of the transaction or you need to reverse the transaction right then and there.
For More Information
Host Merchant Services is available to walk any interested merchants through this process. You can contact us and we will be glad to explain how partial authorization works. Or you can take advantage of the materials we offer on this very website. To get more information regarding Partial Payment Authorization, you can:
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Transaction Integrity Fee: Visa’s Transaction Integrity Fee is a new $0.10 fee that will apply to U.S. domestic regulated and non-regulated purchase transactions made with a Visa Debit card or Visa Prepaid card that fail or do not request Custom Payment Service (CPS) qualification. The CPS rates are Visa’s best rates and apply to both regulated and non-regulated transactions. This new fee can be viewed as a definite response from Visa to the Durbin Amendment’s interchange rate cap and finance reform/regulatory changes. This is part of the ninja-style set of moves The Official Merchant Services Blog 
